A Blurring of Roles: Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping

Uma Indefinição de Papeis: O Uso da Força na Manutenção da Paz da ONU

Authors

  • Maria do Ceu Pinto Arena Integrated Member of the Research Center in Political Science (CICP), Associate Professor with Aggregation of the Department of International Relations and Public Administration of University of Minho.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.103

Keywords:

UN peacekeeping operations (PKO), Use of Force, Enforcement, Consent, Hybrid Operations, Asymmetric Environments

Abstract

There is a sober paradox involved in the use of oxymoron “peace operations”, as these operations, traditionally anchored on the bedrock principles of UN peacekeeping - consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defence -, are being increasingly transformed into enforcement operations. Twenty-seven years after the end of the Cold War and the rebirth of the United Nations’ (UN) security role, peacekeeping operations are increasingly losing ground to an emerging pattern of more aggressive, offensive operations. They have an essentially hybrid nature, involving elements of both peacekeeping and enforcement. Although many see them as alternative, non-reconcilable techniques, politicians and practitioners do not see a sharp dividing line separating non-coercive and enforcement tasks, permitting an easy transition from one to the other.

Resumo

Existe um paradoxo relacionado com o uso do oxímoro “operações de paz”, uma vez que estas operações, ancoradas tradicionalmente nos princípios fundamentais da manutenção da paz da ONU - consentimento das partes, imparcialidade e não uso da força, exceto em autodefesa -, estão a ser cada vez mais transformadas em operações de fiscalização. Vinte e sete anos após o fim da Guerra Fria e do renascimento do papel de segurança das Nações Unidas (ONU), as operações de manutenção da paz estão cada vez mais a perder terreno para um padrão emergente de operações ofensivas mais agressivas. Elas têm uma natureza essencialmente híbrida, envolvendo elementos tanto de manutenção da paz quanto de “enfocement”. Embora muitos os vejam como técnicas alternativas e não conciliáveis, os políticos e os profissionais não vêem uma linha divisória nítida que separa as tarefas não-coercitivas e de execução, permitindo uma transição fácil de uma para outra.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Annan, Kofi A. 1998. “Challenges of the New Peacekeeping.” In Peacemaking and Peacekeeeping for the New Centur, edited by Olara A. Otunnu e Michael W. Doyle, 169-87. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publications.

Annan, Kofi. 1993. “UN Peacekeeping Operations and Cooperation with NATO.” NATO Review 47(5).

Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D. Williams. 2009. “The West and Contemporary Peace Operations.” Journal of Peace Research 46(39).

Berdal, Mats and David H. Ucko. 2015. “The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping Operations.” The RUSI Journal 160(1): 6-12.

Biermann, Wolfgang and Martin Vadset. 1998. “Setting the Scene.” In UN Peacekeeping in Trouble: Lessons Learned from the Former Yugoslavia, edited by Wolfgang Biermann and Martin Vadset. Aldershot: Ashgate.

GA/SC, 2015. Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects, A/70/95-S/2015/446, 17 June.

Hettne, Björn and Fredrik Söderbaum. 2006. “The UN and Regional Organizations in Global Security: Competing or Complementary Logics?” Global Governance 12(3): 229.

International Peace Institute. 2016. UN Peace Operations in Violent and Asymmetric Threat Environments, March.

International Peace Academy. 1984. Peacekeeper ́s Handbook. New York: IPA e Pergamon Press.

Karlsrud, John. 2015. “The UN at War: Examining the Consequences of Peace-Enforcement Mandates for the UN Peacekeeping Operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali.” Third World Quarterly 36(1): 40-54.

Jakobsen, Peter Viggo. 2000. “The Emerging Consensus on Grey Area Peace Operations Doctrine: Will It Last and Enhance Operational Effectiveness?” International Peace- keeping 7(3): 38-47.

Malan, Mark. 1996. ́ ́Surveying The Middle Ground: Conceptual Issues and Peace-Keeping in Southern Africa.” Occasional Paper No 2 – March.

Mackinlay, John and Jarat Chopra. 1993. “A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations”. In Providence, RI, edited by Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies.

Malone, David. 2004. “Conclusion”. In The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, edited by David Malone, 617-649. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Perito, Robert M. 2015. “UN Peacekeeping in the Sahel – Overcoming New Challenges”. USIP, Special Report 365, March.

Piccolino, Giulia and John Karlsrud. 2011. “Withering consent, but mutual dependency: UN peace operations and African assertiveness.” Conflict, Security Development 11(4): 447-471.

Pinto, Maria do Céu. 2008. As Nações Unidas e a manutenção da paz. Coimbra: Almedina.

Pinto, Maria do Céu. 2016. “Consequences of Third-Generation Peacekeeping for the United Nations.” In Il porto del disincato. Scritti in onore di Maria Luisa Maniscalco, edited by F. Antonelli et al. Milan: Franco Angeli.

Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda, S/1999/1257, December 15, 1999.

Roberts, Adam. 1994. “The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping.” Survival 36(3): 93–120.

Rose, Sir Michael. 1998. “Military Aspects of Peacekeeping.” In UN Peacekeeping in Trouble: Lessons Learned from the Former Yugoslavia, edited by Wolfgang Biermann and Martin Vadset, 153-167. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Sloan, James. 2014. “The Evolution of the Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping.” Journal of Strategic Studies 37(5): 674- 702.

Tardy, Thierry. 2014. “The Reluctant Peacekeeper: France and the Use of Force in Peace Operations’.” Journal of Strategic Studies 37(5): 770-792.

Tardy, Thierry. 2007. “The UN and the Use of Force: A Marriage Against Nature.” Security Dialogue 38(1): 49-70.

Trauner, Florian. 2017. “The EU visa suspension mechanism.” Issue 2 of the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS).

United Nations. 1992. “An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping.” UN Doc A/47/277-S/24111, June 17.

United Nations. 2009. A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for UN Peacekeeping. New York: UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support.

United Nations. 2008. Capstone Doctrine: UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines. New York: United Nations Secretariat.

United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support. 2015. “The Protection of Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping,” Ref. 2015/07 April 1.

United Nations. 1995. Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary- General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (UN doc. A/ 50/60-S/1995/1), January 3.

United Nations General Assembly [UNGA], Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica (A/54/549), November 15, 1999.

United Nations General Assembly. 2012. Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/66/19), substantive session (New York, February 21 - March 16 and September 11.

UNDPKO. 2008. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines (Capstone Doctrine), January.

United Nations. 2000. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. New York: United Nations.

United Nations. 2000. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. New York: United Nations.

UN Security Council [UNGA]/ UNGeneral Assembly. 2015. The Future of United Nations Peace Operations: Implementation of the Recommendations of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations, Report of the Secretary-General. A/70/357-S/2015/682, September 2.

UN Security Council. 2000. Security Council resolution 1296. S/RES/1296. April 19.

UN Security Council. 2006. Security Council resolution 1674 of 2006. S/RES/1674 (2006). April 28.

UN Security Council. 2007. Security Council resolution 1769. S/RES/1769 (2007). July 31.

United Nations Security Council. 2000. Security Council resolution 1296, S/RES/1296 (2000). April 19.

United Nations. 2004. A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the Secretary-General ́s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change.

Urquhart, Sir Brian. 1991. “Who Can Stop Civil Wars?” The New York Times, December 29.

Viana, Vítor Rodrigues Viana. 2002. Segurança colectiva: A ONU e as operações de apoio à paz. Lisbon: IDN/Edições Cosmos.

Weiss, Thomas. 1995. “Overcoming the Somalia Syndrome ‘Operation Rekindle Hope’?” Global Governance 1(2): 174- 76.

Downloads

Published

2017-12-26

How to Cite

Pinto Arena, M. do C. (2017). A Blurring of Roles: Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping: Uma Indefinição de Papeis: O Uso da Força na Manutenção da Paz da ONU. Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science, 17, 52–63. https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.103

Issue

Section

Articles